Noun-Competitive English Grammar
Noun अर्थात naming word किसी भी प्राणी, स्थान, वस्तु, गुण, अवस्था अथवा कार्य के नाम को Noun कहा जाता है, जैसे- Raju, happiness, gold, college, tea, cricket, team, etc. How To Solve Noun Grammar Competitive Exam
Noun पांच प्रकार के होते हैं–
1. Proper Noun – Ram, Sita, Geeta, India
2. Common Noun – girl, table, mobile, book
3. Material Noun – sugar, rice, iron, copper, etc.
4. Collective Noun – team, flock, herd, jury
5. Abstract Noun – love, poverty, honesty, virtue.
आधुनिक अंग्रेजी में Noun के तीन प्रकार होते हैं- How To Solve Noun Grammar Competitive Exam
1. Proper Noun: किसी भी व्यक्ति, वस्तु या स्थान का विशेष नाम, जैसे-Kapil, Ravina, Delhi, India, Joshi,
2. Countable Noun: जिसकी गणना की जा सके और singular-plural दोनों में उपयोग किया जा सके, जैसे- chair-chairs, boy-boys, pen-pens, book-books.
3. Uncountable Noun -जिसकी गणना न की जा सके और सिर्फ अपवाद को छोड़कर singular में उपयोग किया जा सके जैसे- milk, water, honesty, happiness, etc.
Noun के दो number होते हैं-
1. Singular number -जिससे एक होने का बोध हो, जैसे- a pen, a ball, etc.
2. Plural number – जिससे एक से अधिक होने का बोध हो, जैसे- Pens, balls, etc.
Singular से Plural बनाने के नियम: How To Solve Noun Grammar Competitive Exam
1. Singular Noun मे ‘s’ जोड़कर
Singular Plural Singular Plural
Cap Caps Song Songs
Hat Hats girl girls
Bag Bags boy boys
Cow Cows doll dolls
Pen Pens car cars
Pencil Pencils dog dogs
Book books hen hens
2. Singular Nouns जिनके अंत में ‘x, ch, ss, sh, s, O, z’ आता है, के अंत में ‘es’ जोड़कर, जैसे-
Singular Plural Singular Plural
Match Matches Topaz Topazes
Watch Watches Tax Taxes
Brush Brushes Bench Benches
Church Churches Loss Losses
Class Classes Mango Mangoes
Box Boxes Hero Heroes
Fox Foxes Bus Buses
NOTE: कुछ Nouns जिनका अंत ‘ch’ से हो परंतु उनका उच्चारण क (k) की तरह हो के अंत में केवल- ‘S जोड़कर
Singular Plural
Monarch Monarchs
Stomach Stomachs
Conch Conchs
3. Noun जिसके अंत में ‘F’ या ‘Fe’ हो, तो ‘F’ या ‘Fe’ को ‘V’ में बदल कर उसमें ‘es’ जोड़कर
Singular Plural Singular Plural
Life lives shelf shelves
Knife Knives elf elves
Myself myself calf calves
Wife wives loaf loaves
Wolf Wolves leaf leaves
4. Noun जिसके अंत में ‘Y’ हो और उसके पहले consonant अर्थात व्यंजन हो तो ‘Y’ को ‘ies’ में बदल कर
Singular Plural Singular Plural
Cry cries city cities
Spy spies duty duties
Story Stories baby babies
Lady ladies fly flies
Army armies
यदि ‘Y’ के पहले कोई vowel हो तो उसमें सिर्फ ‘S जोड़कर
Singular Plural Singular Plural
Key keys Monkey Monkeys
Ray rays play plays
Boy Boys valley valleys
Day days toy toys
5. कुछ Nouns अजीब ढंग से Plural बनते हैं, जैसे-
Singular Plural Singular Plural
Woman women Louses lice
Goose Geese child children
Tooth Teeth mouse mice
Foot feet man men
6. Compound Noun का Plural उसे root शब्द को Plural बनाकर किया जाता है।
Singular Plural
Sister-in-law Sisters-in-law
Engineer-in-chief Engineers-in-chief
Chief-minister chief-ministers
Commander-in-chief commanders-in-chief
Hanger-on Hangers-on
Passer-by Passers-by
Maid-servant maid-servants
Step-son step-sons
नोट: ऐसे compound Nouns जो Man तथा woman से बनें हो, के दोनों Parts को Plural बनाया जाता है, जैसे-
Singular Plural
Woman doctor Women doctors
Woman servant Women servants
Man driver Men drivers
Man teacher Men teachers
Man eater Men eaters
Woman hater Women haters
7. किसी अक्षर (letter), अंक (figure), संक्षिप्त शब्द (Abbreviation), शब्द (word) के अंत में Apostrophe s (s) लगाकर Plural बनाया जाता है। How To Solve Noun Grammar Competitive Exam
Singular Plural Singular Plural
P P’s K K’s
J J’s T T’s
3 3’s 7 7’s
M.A. M.A.’s S.D.O. S.D.O’s
B.A. B.A.’s If If’s
But but’s
How many if’s and but’s do you have? (if and but गलत होगा)
There were three B. A.’s and two M.A.’s in that office.
There are two m’s and two e’s in the word committee.
8. कुछ Noun जिनका Plural अनियमित होता है।
कुछ खास निम्न है-
Singular Plural
Agendum Agenda
Datum/Data Data
Quorum Quorums
Curriculum Curriculums/curricula
Analysis Analyses
Hypothesis Hypotheses
Crisis Crises
Diagnosis Diagnoses
Criterion Criteria
Bacterium Bacteria
Momentum Momenta
Dictum Dictums/dicta
Medium Mediums/media
Axis Axes
Oasis Oases
Basis Bases
Synopsis Synopses
Thesis Theses
Gender : लिंग-How To Solve Noun Grammar Competitive Exam
जिस शब्द से लिंग स्पष्ट हो सके, उसे Gender कहते है। अंग्रेजी में Noun के चार gender हैं-
1. Masculine Gender (पुर्लिंग): जिससे किसी नर अथवा पुरुष जाति का बोध हो, जैसे-, dog, Ox, Horse, Father
2. Feminine Gender (स्त्रीलिंग): जिससे किसी मादा अथवा स्त्री जाति का बोध हो, जैसे- Woman, Mother, Bitch, Girl,
3. Neuter Gender(नपुंसक लिंग): निर्जीव वस्तु अथवा पदार्थ को Neuter Gender कहते हैं, जैसे- inkpot, pen, table, book,
4. Common Gender (उभय लिंग): जिससे पुरुष अथवा स्त्री दोनों जातियों का बोध हो, जैसे- Doctor, player, Student, elephant, child, etc.
कुछ खास Masculine एवं Feminine Gender निम्न है-
Masculine Feminine
Sir Madam
Lord lady
Hero heroine
King Queen
Man Woman
Brother Sister
Father Mother
Son Daughter
Master Mistress
Male Female
Husband Wife
Nephew Niece
Uncle Aunt
Boy Girl
Widower Widow
Duke Duchess
Director Directress
Horse Mare
Tiger Tigress
He-bear she-bear
Wizard witch
Fox vixen
Ram Ewe
Bull Cow
Poet Poetess
Lion Lioness
Actor Actress
Bridegroom Bride
Emperor Empress
Hunter Huntress
Dog Bitch
Cock Hen
Pea-cock Pea-hen
Monk Nun
Earl Countess
Bachelor maid/spinster
Prince Princess
Cock-sparrow Hen-sparrow
Man-servant Woman-servant
He-goat She-goat
Bull-calf Cow-calf
Land-lord Land-lady
Milk-man Milk-maid
Host Hostess
God Goddess
Heir Heiress
Priest Priestess
Giant Giantess
Apostrophe s अर्थात ‘s : How To Solve Noun Grammar Competitive Exam
इसका उपयोग Possessive case अर्थात अधिकार सूचक बनाने के लिए उपयोग किया जाता है। कुछ खास नियम निम्न है-
- किसी व्यक्ति या वस्तु के विशेष नाम के साथ ‘S’ लगाकर,
जैसे- Mohan’s flute मोहन की बाँसुरी, India’s Problem भारत की समस्या
2. यदि Noun के अंत में ‘स’ का उच्चारण आता है तो हम ‘S के स्थान पर सिर्फ Apostrophe (‘) लगाते हैं, जैसे- Boys’ hostel, Girls’ school
3. Compound Nouns के अंतिम शब्द में Apostrophe s लगाकर, जैसे-Father-in-law’s office, Engineer-in-chief’s house, Commander-in-chief’s order,
Step-son’s problem
4. संयुक्त अधिकार बताने के लिए अंतिम शब्द में Apostrophe s लगाकर, जैसे-Mohan and Sohan’s shop, Radha and Nisha’s school, Ramu and Raju’s joint account
5. Each other, one another, Everyone, Everybody, Anybody, Somebody, Nobody etc. के साथ भी Apostrophe s लगाकर, जैसे-
I have found someone’s book.
We like one another’s pens.
किंतु इनके बाद यदि Else का उपयोग हो तो Apostrophe s else मे लगाया जाता है, जैसे-
Rani likes everybody else’s suggestion.
6. Idioms तथा Phrases में Apostrophe s का उपयोग होता है, जैसे-
The sun’s rays, Heart’s content,
The earth’s creatures, Heaven’s will, at one’s wits end,
Out of harm’s way, The soul’s delight,
The ocean’s roar, The train’s arrival,
The train’s departure, A stone’s throw,
The ship’s passengers, The boat’s crew,
7. कुछ विशेष परिस्थितियां जैसे-
Oneday’s leave, two day’s holiday, nature’s beauty,
Heaven’s mercy, one kilogram’s weight, two gram’s weight.
Remember by heart: Most Important Part
1. Noun जो Singular होते हैं, इनका Plural नहीं होता है। How To Solve Noun Grammar Competitive Exam
(i) Scenery, information, furniture, advice, machinery, stationery, news, poetry, business, mischief, fuel, issue, repair, bedding, soap, cardboard, nonsense, weather, progress, education, equipment, food, magic, knowledge, etc. Uncountable Nouns हैं। अतः इनका Plural नहीं होता है और इनके आगे a/an भी नहीं आता है, जैसे-
The scenery of this place is worth seeing.
He has received no information so far.
She will give me lots of advice.
They have sold their furniture.
Rani will sell some furniture.
I bought some pieces of furniture.
Please provide me all information about the accident.
I need some cardboard for it.
They needed some pieces of cardboard.
My daughters need some education.
She will purchase some new equipment.
She took some food to eat.
They took a lot of food to eat.
She saw magic yesterday.It is nice weather.
What nonsense to have a picnic today.
He has good knowledge of English.
(ii) Physics, Mathematics, Economics, Classics,
dynamics, politics, phonetics, athletics, innings,
linguistics, gallows, ethics, etc. लगते Plural हैं किंतु होते Singular हैं। जैसे-
Economics is a very interesting subject.
Politics has no attraction for his family.
The Indian team defeated the Australian by an innings.
Physics/Mathematics is a difficult subject.
(iii) Brick, bread, fruit, word (promise के अर्थ में) Singular होते हैं, जैसे- Let me buy some fruit.
He is true to his word. I give you my word.
(iv) dozen, score, hundred, thousand, million, etc. singular होते हैं जब इनके पहले कोई Number हो, जैसे-
He bought ten dozen oranges.
I have four score kites.
(v) A ten rupee note, a two-hour journey, a four-mile walk, a five-year plan, a six-man committee, five-year-old boy, a five- dollar bill, इस तरह के Compound Noun में ‘S’ नहीं लगाया जाता है और यह सभी Singular होते हैं, जैसे-
A ten-rupee note is lying there.
2. Noun जो सिर्फ Plural form मैं उपयोग होते हैं,इनका Singular form नहीं होता है, जैसे-
(i) Cattle, police, poultry, people, gentry, peasantry, artillery, etc
The police have caught the thief.
Cattle are grazing in the field.
The police were sent to the hospital.
(ii) इनका Singular नहीं होता है:
Scissors, trousers, stockings, spectacles, shorts, alms, remains, riches, goods, etc.
My scissors are very sharp.
These premises look very big.
My spectacles are missing.
The goods were sent to your house.
3. Noun जो Singular और Plural दोनों में समान होते हैं।
(i) Deer, sheep, fish, apparatus, wages
The wages of sin is death.
The wages of the workers have been raised.
I saw a sheep grazing in the field.
Sheep are sold cheaper than goat.
(ii) Collective noun as jury, public, team, audience, committee, orchestra, government, congregation etc.
The committee has/have considered your request.
The team is looking quite fit.
The government has/have broken its/their promised.
The team has not turned up yet.
The public/audience was/were enjoying the magic show. How To Solve Noun Grammar Competitive Exam
4. Collective Nouns
Collective Nouns जैसे- a crowd of people, a herd of cattle, a file of papers etc. singular उपयोग किए जाते हैं, जैसे- A crowd of people is in the playground.
A herd of cattle was grazing in the field.
Team of cricket players is here.
1. An army of soldiers.
2. An alliance of states, powers, etc
3. An assembly of representatives.
4. An attendance of servants, persons.
5. An audience of listeners.
6. A band of musicians, followers.
7. A batch of pupils, candidates.
8. A battery of guns.
9. A bench of judges or magistrates.
10. A block of houses, buildings.
11. A body of men, soldiers, police, laws, etc.
12. A brigade of cavalry, infantry or artillery.
13. A bundle of hay.
14. A bouquet of flowers.
15. A board of trustees or directors.
16. A caravan of merchants.
17. A code of laws.
18. A congress of representatives.
19. A century of runs (in cricket).
20. A cloud of locusts.
21. A cluster of islands.
22. A constellation of stars.
23. A course of lectures.
24. A consignment of goods.
25. A catalogue of books (i.e., their names).
26. A circle of friends, acquaintances.
27. A clan of people.
28. A clique of persons (belonging to a body).
29. A commonwealth of bees.
30. A concourse of people.
31. A confederacy of persons, nations, states.
32. A confederation of persons, powers, states.
33. A conference of preachers, delegates.
34. A congregation of worshippers.
35. A convoy of ships.
36. A corporation of people.
37. A corps of soldiers, volunteers, police..
38. A curriculum of studies.
39. A crew of sailors.
40. A herd of cattle (i.e. cattle pasturing).
41. An escort of soldiers.
42. A fraction of people (engaged in politics)
43. A family of plants, languages.
44. A federation of states.
Confusing Nouns
Words Meaning Example
Advice Singular means an opinion or suggestion.
The teacher gave many pieces of advice to the students before the exam
Advices Plural means information.
The invigilator gave advices to the students before the exam.
Cloth Singular means unfinished product.
We give cloth to the tailor to get the clothes stitched.
Clothes Plural means garments.
Put on your clothes.
Colour Singular and plural means red, green, etc.
A realist sees true colours of a colour.
Colours (Plural only) implies ‘true personality of someone’.
In difficult times people show their true colours.
Force Singular means strength.
Forces landed at the disputed spot on time.
Forces Plural means the military
organisations for air, land and sea.
Content Singular means satisfaction.
I am content with the contents of this book.
Contents Plural means parts.
Light Singular means radiance.
There was a light on the ascetic’s face.
Lights Singular and plural means lamps.
Diwali is a festival of lights.
People
Singular is used when we are talking about masses.
People of India,
Peoples Plural means people belonging to different cultures and ethnicities.
Peoples of Europe
Practice Singular means exercise of a profession.
It is compulsory for new doctors that they have a practice in villages for 2 years in the beginning of their career
Practices (Both singular and plural) means habit.
Good practices brings happiness.
Custom Singular means tradition.
One should respect one’s custom and traditions
Customs Plural means a department.
The customs department seized illegal goods at the airport.
यदि अभी भी अंग्रेजी में आपको कोई समस्या हो, तो आप मुझसे 97539-78693 पर संपर्क कर सकते हैं। पर पहले कमेंट बॉक्स में अपनी समस्या लिखिए। How To Solve Noun Grammar Competitive Exam
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